#

The horizontal axis represents the y-axis and vertical axis represents z-axis. The elements along the z-axis are element 0, element 1, and so on, element i, and so on, element N minus 2, and element N minus 1. Distances from the elements N minus 1, i, and 0 to the point Q are R sub start expression N minus 1 end expression, R sub I, and R sub 0 respectively. A distance between the two elements labeled, d. A distance from the first element to last element labeled, left parenthesis N minus 1 right parenthesis d. The distance R sub 0 makes an angle theta with the z-axis.