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A vector upper R in the y z plane makes angle theta. The vector upper R is extended to three base vectors that are z caret, R caret, and r caret. The angle between the z caret and R caret is theta and angle between the upper R caret and r caret is left parenthesis start fraction pi over 2 end fraction minus theta right parenthesis. Another vector r in the x y plane makes angle phi from the x axis to r. The base vectors extended to r are phi caret and r caret. The distance from base vectors of r to the x axis is labeled, y equals r sin of phi, the distance from base vectors of r to the y axis is labeled, y equals r sine of phi. The distance of head of vector upper R to head of vector r is labeled, z equals R cosine of theta.