# Index

- 3 dB beamwidth, 394

- ω-β diagram, 373

# A

- abacus, 8

- ablation, 10, 117

- ac motor, 3, 283

- ac resistance R, 326–328

- acceptance angle θ a, 351

- admittance Y, 90–96

- alternating current (ac), 5, 16, 47

- AM radio, 416

- Ampère, André-Marie, 4

- Ampère’s law, 273, 285

- amplitude-comparison monopulse radar, 447

- amplitude modulation (AM), 6

- angle error signal, 448

- angle of incidence θ i, 349

- angle of reflection θ r, 349

- angle of transmission θ t, 349

- angular frequency ω, 38, 48

- angular velocity ω, 25, 283, 436

- antenna radiation pattern, 392

- antennas, 385–437

  - aperture, 386, 401, 407

    - rectangular, 410–412

    - scalar formulation, 409

    - vector formulation, 409

  - arrays, 412–426

    - linear phase, 421–423

    - pattern multiplication principle, 416, 422

    - scanning, 421–426

    - uniform phase, 419–421

  - broadside direction, 390

  - directivity D, 394–399

  - effective area, 401

  - far-field (far-zone) region, 388

  - gain, 395

  - half-wave dipole, 397–402

  - input impedance, 401

  - isotropic, 403, 415

  - large aperture, 408–413

  - multiplication principle, 416

  - normalized radiation intensity, 389

  - pattern solid angle Ω p, 393

  - patterns, 392

    - beam dimensions, 393

    - beamwidth β, 394

    - directivity D, 394

  - polarization, 385

  - receiving, 386

  - reciprocal, 385

  - types, 386

    - arrays, 386, 412

    - dipoles, 385, 387, 397

    - helices, 386

    - horns, 408

    - parabolic dishes, 404, 408

- arithmometer, 8

- Armstrong, Edwin, 7

- ARPANET, 7

- array factor F a(θ), 415

  - array amplitude distribution, 416

  - array phase distribution, 416

- atmospheric transmissivity Υ, 439

- attenuation constant α, 27, 55, 317

- average power P av, 82–84

- average power density S av, 328

- auxiliary angle ψ 0, 315

- axial ratio R, 315

- azimuth angle ϕ, 387

- azimuth-difference channel, 447

- azimuth plane (ϕ-plane), 389

- azimuth resolution Δ x, 443

# B

- bac-cab rule, 136

- Backus, John, 8

- band gap energy, 35

- bar-code readers, 347

- Bardeen, John, 7

- base vector, 131

- BASIC, 8

- beam dimensions, 393

- beamwidth β, 394, 400, 411

- Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 291

- Bell, Alexander, 6

- Berliner, Emil, 6

- Berners–Lee, Tim, 9

- Bhatia, Sabeer, 9

- bioelectrics, 117

- Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 4, 15

- Biot–Savart law, 15, 236–242

- bistatic radar, 443

- bounce diagram, 111

- boundary conditions, 200-207, 254–256

- Brattain, Walter, 7

- Braun, Karl, 6

- Brewster (polarizing) angle, 360

- broadside array, 419

- broadside direction, 419

- Bush, Vannevar, 8

# C

- capacitance C, 209–211

  - capacitor, 209

  - of a coaxial line, 212–213

  - of a parallel-plate capacitor, 211–213

- capacitive sensors, 203–207

- capacitor, 4

  - as batteries, 191–192

  - electrochemical double-layer (EDLC), 191

- Cardullo, Mario, 313

- Cartesian coordinate system x, y, z, 131

- CAT (CT) scan, 159

- cathode ray tube (CRT), 6

- cavity resonators, 338, 374–377

- cell phone, 7, 405

- charge continuity equation, 288

- charge dissipation, 289

- charge distribution, 188, 205, 215

- circular polarization, 310, 315–316

- circulation, 157

- circulator, 437

- cladding, 351

- coaxial line, 53, 261, 303

- complex conjugate, 31

- complex feeding coeffcient A i, 414

- complex numbers, 31–35

  - complex conjugate, 31

  - Euler’s identity, 31

  - polar form, 31

  - properties, 33–34

  - rectangular form, 31

  - rectangular-polar relations, 31

- complex permittivity ε c, 303

- compressive stress, 290

- conductance G, 50, 53, 90

- conductivity σ, 17, 51, 186, 190, 194, 456

- conductors, 60, 190–196

  - conduction current density J, 194

  - resistance, 196–199

  - semiconductors, 194

- conservative (irrotational) field, 184

- constitutive parameters, 190

- convection current, 175

- conversion effciency, 35

- coordinate systems, 131–147

  - Cartesian x, y, z, 131–139

  - cylindrical r, ϕ, z, 138–141

  - spherical R, θ, ϕ, 141–143

- coplanar waveguide, 49

- Cormack, Allan, 159

- coulomb (C), 13

- Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de, 3, 4, 13

- Coulomb’s law, 13, 176–180

- critical angle θ c, 350

- cross (vector) product, 133–135

- CT (CAT) scan, 159

- Curie, Paul-Jacques, 290

- Curie, Pierre, 290

- curl operator, 157

- current density, 173, 175–176, 190, 228

- cutoff frequency f m n, 369

- cutoff wavenumber k c, 367

- cylindrical coordinate system r, ϕ, z, 138–141

# D

- dc motor, 3

- De Forest, Lee, 6

- Deep Blue, 9

- del (gradient operator) ∇, 148

- detection, 199, 441

  - maximum detectable range R m a x, 442

  - threshold detection level P r min, 444

- diamagnetic, 251

- dielectric constant (relative permittivity) ε r, 14, 176, 455

- dielectrics, 190–197

  - anisotropic, 199

  - breakdown, 199

  - breakdown voltage V b r, 199

  - electric susceptibility χ e, 199

  - isotropic, 199

  - polarization, 198

  - strength E d s, 199

  - tables, 199, 455

- dimensions of SI units, 11

- dipole, 14, 80, 188, 198, 239

  - electric, 14, 80, 188, 198

  - magnetic, 239

  - moment, 198

- dipole antenna, 387

  - half-wave, 387, 397

  - Hertzian, 387

  - short, 387

- direct current (dc), 3

- directional derivative d T/d l, 148

- directivity D (antenna), 394

- dispersive, 48

- displacement current I d, 285

- displacement current density J d, 285

- distance vector, 132

- divergence operator, 155

- divergence theorem, 155

- dominant mode (in waveguide), 369

- Doppler frequency shift f d, 446

- Doppler radar, 445–446

- dot (scalar) product, 133

- downlink, 436

- drift velocity u e, 194

- du Fay, Charles François, 3, 4

- duplexer (T/R switch), 437

# E

- e (electron) charge, 13

- Echo satellite, 7

- Eckert, J. Presper, 8

- Edison, Thomas, 6, 18

- effective aperture, 401. See also effective area

- effective area A e, 401

- Einstein, Albert, 3, 5, 35

- electric charge, 3, 4, 13–14

  - law of conservation of electric charge, 13

  - principle of linear superposition, 14

- electric dipole, 14, 80, 188

  - moment, 189

- electric-field aperture distribution E a(x a,y a), 408

- electric field intensity E, 11, 13, 35, 49, 153

- electric field phasor E˜, 309

- electric fields

  - dipole, 14, 188

  - e charge, 13

  - polarization, 14, 198

- electric flux density D, 153, 173

- electric generator, 3

- electric potential V, 183

  - electric scalar potential, 183–188

  - due to continuous distributions, 188

  - due to point charges, 188

  - electric dipole, 188

  - Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 184

  - Laplace’s equation, 189

  - Poisson’s equation, 189

- electric susceptibility χ e, 199

- electric typewriter, 6

- electrical force F e, 13

- electrical permittivity ε, 14, 176, 455

  - of free space ε 0, 13

- electrical sensors, 117, 186

  - capacitive, 203

  - emf, 290

  - inductive, 262

  - resistive, 186

- electromagnetic (EM) force, 13, 229

- electromagnetic generator, 282–284

- electromagnetic induction, 274

- electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, 30–31, 37

  - gamma rays, 31

  - infrared, 31, 37

  - microwave band, 31, 32

    - EHF, 32

    - millimeter-wave band, 32

    - SHF, 32

    - UHF, 32

  - monochromatic, 30

  - radio spectrum, 31, 32

  - ultraviolet, 31

  - visible, 31, 37

  - X-rays, 31

- electromagnetic telegraph, 6

- electromagnetic waves, 3, 5, 119, 273, 338

- electromagnetics (EM), 2

- electromagnets, 247

- electromotive force (emf) V e m f, 274

- electron, 3, 5, 13

- electronic beam steering, 414

- electronic beeper, 7

- EM, 3

- electrostatics, 17, 173

- elevation angle (θ-plane), 410

- elevation plane (θ-plane), 410

- elliptical polarization, 315–316

- ellipticity angle χ, 315

- emf sensor, 186

- end-fire direction, 422

- Engelbart, Douglas, 9

- ENIAC, 8

- equipotential, 194

- Euler’s identity, 31

- evanescent wave, 369

- Explorer I satellite, 435

# F

- false-alarm probability, 443

- far-field (far-zone) region, 386

- Faraday, Michael, 3, 5, 173, 273

- Faraday’s law, 273

- feeding coeffcient (antenna) A i, 414

- Felt, Dorr, 8

- ferromagnetic, 16, 228, 247

- Fessenden, Reginald, 6

- fiber, 7, 51, 338

- fiber optics, 338, 351

- floppy disk, 8

- fluorescent bulb, 18

- flux density, 16, 153

- flux sensor, 290

- force

  - electromagnetic, 11, 229

  - gravitational, 12

  - nuclear, 11

  - weak-interaction, 12

- FORTRAN, 8

- Franklin, Benjamin, 3, 4

- free space, 13

  - electric permittivity ε, 14

  - magnetic permeability μ 0, 16

  - velocity of light c, 16

- frequency, 24

- frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), 437

- frequency modulation (FM), 7

- frequency scanning (antenna beam), 423

- Friis transmission formula, 404

# G

- gamma rays, 31, 406

- Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 5

- Gauss’s law, 5, 180

- Gaussian surface, 180

- Gauss’s law for magnetism, 242

- geostationary orbit, 435

- Gilbert, William, 3, 4

- Global Positioning System (GPS), 152, 436

- grad (gradient) ∇T, 147

- gravitational field ψ, 12

- gravitational force, 12

- grazing incidence, 360

- group velocity u g, 370

# H

- half-power angle, 394

- half-power beamwidth, 394

- half-wave dipole, 397

- Henry, Joseph, 3, 5, 273

- Hertz, Heinrich, 3, 5, 6, 25

- Hertzian dipole, 387

- high-power amplifer, 438

- Hoff, Ted, 9

- hole drift velocity u h, 194

- hole mobility μ h, 194

- homogeneous material, 190

- homogeneous wave equation, 304

- horn antenna, 385, 386, 408

- horseshoe electromagnet, 247

- Hotmail, 9

- humidity sensor, 203

# I

- illumination E a(x a,y a), 329, 405, 408

- image method, 215

- imaginary part I m, 31

- impedance, 47, 55, 59, 60, 64, 70, 87

- impedance matching, 94

  - lumped-element matching, 97,

  - single-stub matching, 97–101

- impulse period T p, 442

- in phase, 66, 67, 447

- incandescence, 18

- incandescent bulb, 18

- inclination angle ψ, 151, 309

- incremental phase delay δ, 421

- index of refraction, 349

- inductance, 5, 50, 53, 75, 186, 228, 256

  - of a coaxial line, 53, 259

  - mutual, 259

  - self, 258

  - solenoid, 258

- inductive sensors, 262

  - linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), 262

  - proximity detection, 263

- infrared rays, 31, 273, 348

- input impedance Z in, 72, 74, 96, 101, 343

- integrated circuit (IC), 7

- intercepted power P i n t, 401

- internal (surface) impedance Z s, 326

- International System of Units (SI), 11

- Internet, 7, 9

- intrinsic impedance η, 305

- isotropic, 190

- isotropic antenna, 385

# J

- Java, 9

- Joule’s law, 197

# K

- Kapany, Narinder, 7

- Kemeny, John, 8

- Kilby, Jack, 7

- Kirchhoff’s laws 49,

  - current, 54, 218, 289

  - voltage, 54, 184, 218

- Kurtz, Thomas, 8

# L

- Laplace’s equation, 189

- Laplacian operator, 162

- lasers, 347

- law of conservation of electric charge, 13

- LCD, 320

- LED, 18

- left-hand circular (LHC) polarization, 310

- Leibniz, Gottfried von, 8

- Lenz’s law, 275, 277

- Leyden Jar, 3

- lidars, 441

- light emitting diode (LED), 18

- lightning rod, 4

- line charge, 174

- line charge density ρ ℓ, 174

- linear phase distribution, 421

- liquid crystal display (LCD), 2, 320

- liquid crystals, 2

- load impedance Z L, 64

- logarithm, 8

- Lorentz force, 229, 231, 264

- loss resistance R l o s s, 396

- lossless media, 304, 339, 341, 361

- lossy media, 303, 317, 344

- loudspeaker, 248

- low-loss dielectric, 319

- luminous efficacy (LE), 20

- LVDT, 262

# M

- Macintosh, 9

- Maiman, Theodore, 347

- maglevs, 249

- magnetic dipole, 240, 251

- magnetic energy W m, 261

- magnetic field

  - between two parallel conductors, 241

  - in a solenoid, 258

  - inside a toroidal coil, 245

  - of a circular loop, 238

  - of an infinite current sheet, 246

  - of a linear conductor, 237

  - of a long wire, 244

  - of a magnetic dipole, 242

- magnetic field intensity H, 15, 49, 173, 228

- magnetic field phasor H˜, 294

- magnetic flux Φ, 250

- magnetic flux density B, 15, 228

- magnetic flux linkage Λ, 258

- magnetic force F m, 15, 228

- magnetic hysteresis, 252

- magnetic levitation, 249

- magnetic moment m, 251

- magnetic monopole, 242

- magnetic permeability μ, 16, 228, 251, 479

- magnetic potential A, 246

- magnetic sound recorder, 6

- magnetic susceptibility χ m, 252

- magnetic torque, 233

- magnetite, 3, 15

- magnetization vector M, 252

- magnetized domains, 252

- magnetron tube, 80

- Magnus, 4

- Marconi, Guglielmo, 6

- Mars Pathfinder, 7

- maser, 347

- matched filter, 443

- matched line, 68, 71, 114

- matching network, 95

- maximum detectable range R m a x, 445

- Maxwell, James Clerk, 173

- Maxwell’s equations, 173, 218, 228, 273

- Mauchley, John, 8

- microprocessor, 9

- microstrip line, 49, 59

- microwave band, 30, 31, 348

- mobility μ e, 194

- modal dispersion, 352

- mode, 352, 353, 364

- modem, 8

- monochromatic, 20, 30, 347

- monopulse radar, 443

- monostatic radar, 443

- Morse, Samuel, 5, 6

- motional emf V e m f m, 274, 279, 283

- MS-DOS, 9

- multiple-beam generation, 414, 420

- multiple-PRF, 442

- multiplexer, 439

# N

- n-type layer, 20, 35

- Nakama, Yoshiro, 8

- nanocapacitor, 191

- Napier, John, 8

- negative electric charge, 3

- neutrons, 13

- Newton, Isaac, 4

- noise power, 404, 439, 443

- noise temperature, 439

- normal incidence, 338–346

- normalized load admittance, 91

- normalized load impedance z L, 65

- normalized load reactance x L, 84

- normalized load resistance r L, 84

- Noyce, Robert, 7

- nuclear force, 11

- null beamwidth, 394

# O

- oblique incidence, 338, 350, 353–364

- Ørsted, Hans Christian, 4, 15, 236, 273

- Ohm, Georg Simon, 5

- Ohm’s law, 5, 196, 289

- optical fiber, 7, 49, 351–353, 365

- orbital magnetic moment, 251

# P

- p–n junction, 19, 35

- p-type layer, 35

- pager, 7

- parallel-plate transmission line, 49

- parallel polarization, 354

- paramagnetic, 251

- Pascal, Blaise, 8

- pattern multiplication principle, 416

- pattern solid angle Ω p, 394

- perfect conductor, 17, 52, 190

- perfect dielectric, 190

- permittivity ε, 14, 176, 455

- perpendicular polarization, 354

- phase, 24

- phase constant β, 25, 41, 55, 77

- phase constant (wavenumber) k, 293

- phase lag, 26

- phase lead, 26

- phase-matching condition, 356

- phase velocity (propagation velocity) u p, 306, 349

- phasor representation, 11

- phasors, 11, 38

- photoelectric effect, 3, 5, 35

- photovoltaic (PV), 35

- piezein, 186, 290

- piezoelectric transducer, 290

- piezoresistivity, 186

- Planck, Max, 3

- plane-wave propagation, 304–331

  - attenuation rate A, 330

  - circular polarization, 310, 315–316

    - left-hand circular (LHC), 310

    - right-hand circular (RHC), 311

  - complex permittivity ε c, 303

  - elliptical polarization, 315

  - electromagnetic power density, 328

  - linear polarization, 310, 316

  - lossy medium, 318

    - attenuation constant α, 27, 55, 317

    - skin depth δ s, 319

  - low-loss dielectric, 319

- pocket calculator, 9

- Poisson’s equation, 189

- polarization, 2, 14, 198, 290, 309

  - parallel polarization, 354

  - perpendicular polarization, 354

  - transverse electric (TE) polarization, 354

  - transverse magnetic (TM) polarization, 354

  - unpolarized, 360

- polarization diversity, 438

- polarization field P, 198

- polarization state, 309

- position vector, 132

- potential energy W e, 183

- Poulsen, Valdemar, 6

- power density S(R,θ,ϕ), 388

- power transfer ratio P r e c/P t, 404

- Poynting vector (power density) S, 328, 342

- pressure sensor, 203

- principle of linear superposition, 14

- principal planes, 392

- propagation constant γ, 54, 62, 304

- propagation velocity (phase velocity) u p, 24

- proximity detection, 262

- pulse code modulation (PCM), 7

- pulse length τ, 442

- pulse repetition frequency (PRF) f p, 442

# Q

- quality factor Q, 375

- quarter-wavelength transformer, 78

- quasi-conductor, 319

# R

- radar (radio detection and ranging), 7, 342, 441

  - azimuth resolution Δ x, 443

  - cross-section, 444

  - bistatic, 444

  - detection, 444–446

  - Doppler, 445

  - monopulse, 447

  - monostatic, 443

  - pulse, 442

  - range resolution Δ R, 443

  - unambiguous range R u, 443

- radar cross-section, 444

- radar equation, 444

- radial distance, 16

- radial velocity u r, 446

- radiation effciency ξ, 395

- radiation intensity, 392

- radiation pattern, 390

- radiation resistance R r a d, 396

- radio frequency identifcation (RFID) systems, 313

- radio telegraphy, 6

- radio waves, 3, 6, 31

- radius of geostationary orbit, 435

- range resolution Δ r, 443

- RC relation, 218

- rectangular aperture, 410

- rectangular waveguide, 49, 365

- Reeves, H. A., 7

- reflection coeffcient, 63, 341, 363

- reflectivity R, 361

- refraction angle, 356

- Reinitzer, Friedrich, 320

- relative permittivity, 199, 456

- relaxation time constant τ r, 289

- resistive sensor, 186

- resonant frequency f 0, 374

- retarded potentials, 292

- RHC (right-hand circular) polarization, 311

- right-hand circular (RHC) polarization, 311

- Roentgen, Wilhelm, 3, 5

- rotation angle γ, 315

# S

- satellite, 404, 435

- Savart, Félix, 4, 16

- scalar (dot) product, 133

- scalar quantity, 11

- scan angle δ, 421

- Score satellite, 435

- Seebeck, Thomas, 291

- Seebeck potential V s, 291

- semiconductor, 194, 204

- sensors

  - capacitive, 203

  - emf, 290

  - inductive, 262

  - resistive, 186

- Shockley, William, 7

- signal-to-noise ratio S n, 404

- signal waveform, 442

- skin depth δ s, 319

- Smith chart, 84

  - angle of refected coeffcient, 87

  - constant-SWR (−|Γ|) circle, 88

  - unit circle, 84

  - wavelengths toward generator (WTG), 89

  - wavelengths toward load (WTL), 89

- Smith, Jack, 9

- Smith, P. H., 84

- Snell’s laws, 349

- solar cell, 35

- solenoid, 247, 256

- solid angle d Ω, 390

- spherical propagation factor (e−j k R/R), 398

- spherical wave, 302, 408

- spin magnetic moment, 251

- spontaneous emission, 347

- Sputnik I satellite, 435

- standing wave, 47, 58, 72

- static conditions, 173

- steradians (sr), 391

- stimulated emission, 347

- Stokes’s theorem, 158

- strip line, 49

- Sturgeon, William, 6, 7, 247

- supercapacitor, 191

- superconductor, 190

- superheterodyne radio receiver, 6

- surface charge density ρ s, 178, 179, 200

- surface current density J s, 236

- surface (internal) impedance Z s, 326

- surface resistance R s, 52, 326

- SWR (standing-wave ratio), 69

- synchronizer–modulator, 441

- system noise temperature T s y s, 439

# T

- tapered aperture distribution, 411

- telegraph, 5

- telephone, 6

- television (TV), 7

- TEM (transverse electromagnetic), 49

- tensile stress, 290

- Tesla, Nikola, 3, 5, 16

- Thales of Miletus, 3, 4

- thermocouple, 290

- Thomas de Colmar, Charles Xavier, 8

- Thompson, Joseph, 3, 5

- threshold detection level P r m i n, 443

- tomography, 159

- toroidal coil, 245

- torque, 235

- Townes, Charles, 347

- transformer, 260, 262

- transformer emf V e m f t r, 274

- transient response, 108

- transistor, 7

- transmission coeffcients τ, 341

- transmission lines, 19, 47–129, 341

  - bounce diagram, 111

  - characteristic impedance Z 0, 55

  - coaxial line, 53, 261, 303

  - conductance G, 90

  - distortionless line, 122

  - input impedance Z in, 72

  - lossless line, 59, 62

  - lossless microstrip line, 59

  - microstrip line, 49, 59

  - phase-shifted coeffcient Γ d, 89, 96

  - quarter-wavelength transformer, 78

  - slotted line, 71

  - Smith chart, 84

  - standing wave, 47, 58

  - wave impedance Z(d), 89

- transmissivity Υ(θ), 361

- transmitter/receiver (T/R) switch, 442

- transponder, 439

- transverse electric (TE), 354

- transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave, 49, 305

- transverse magnetic (TM), 354

- Triode tube, 6

# U

- ultracapacitor, 191

- ultraviolet rays, 31

- unambiguous range R u, 442

- units, 11

- unit vectors, 12, 131

- uplink, 436

# V

- van Musschenbroek, Pieter, 4

- vector magnetic potential, 246

- velocity of light in free space c, 16

- visible light, 31

- Volta, Alessandro, 3, 4

- voltage maximum, 69

- voltage minimum, 69

- volume charge density ρ v, 143

- volume current density J, 236

- VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) S, 69.
  See also SWR

# W

- Walton, Charles, 313

- Watson-Watt, Robert, 7

- wave polarization, 309

- wave polarizer, 320

- wavefront, 302

- waveguides, 364

- wavelength, 19, 31, 35, 37, 48

- wavenumber (phase constant) k, 293

- weak-interaction force, 12

- white light, 4

- wireless transmission, 6

- World Wide Web (WWW), 9

# X

- X-rays, 3, 5, 30, 31

# Z

- zenith angle θ, 141, 387

- Zuse, Konrad, 8

- Zworykin, Vladimir, 7